Yes. But also: if the keys are wrong, then even when some gateway(s) receive the message, the message might be discarded by the operator (TTN).
If you do not have a gateway yourself (so: if you cannot access any gateway’s log files, or see its traffic in TTN Console), then to maximise the chances that your test message is received, try using SF12 for some tests.
Also beware that your node might reset its frame counters to zero when restarting, which for ABP either needs you to reset the counters in TTN Console too, or (for testing) needs you to disable the frame counter security altogether, for otherwise TTN will silently ignore the messages until it gets one that has a counter exceeding the last known value. For OTAA, the counters are reset on each join, so no problems there.